The Renaissance

Thursday, January 28

The Renaissance Begins


Main Idea: Due to the Crusades, the Plague and the 100 Years War in the 1300s, Europe changed from a feudal, uneducated society to a secular, nationalistic, humanistic society.

Vocabulary

  • Renaissance: French for 'rebirth'. The rebirth of Classical learning after the Middle Ages from 1300 to 1600. 
  • Why made the baby get born?
    • Crusades
      • contact with Muslim learners
      • reintroduction to Greek and Roman learning
    • Trade and the Growth of Towns and Universities
    • Stronger central governments for protection
  • Classical Learning: the learning of ancient Greece and Rome
  • Secular: not religious
  • Humanism: the study of classical texts that focused on man's human potential for achievement, knowledge and greatness
  • Italy: Ren. started here because of the wealth created there by the Crusades
  • Florence: birthplace of the Renaissance. 
  • Patron: a wealthy person who supports the arts
    • Before Renaissance, almost all art has Church as patrons.  New patrons more  secular
  • Nationalism--love of nation rather than just small feudal area
  • Fall of Constantinople (1453)--When it falls to the Muslims, all the learning of the eastern empire moves to Rome.
Video: Intro to Renaissance  
Watch the MME


Friday, January 29

The Renaissance Man/Woman
Main Idea:  The ideal human being in the Renaissance was a person who excelled at all things.  Such a person is very rare.  The best example is Leonardo da Vinci.

Renaissance Man/Woman--a person who excels at all things
Also known as a Polymath---someone who knows many areas and can combine that wide knowledge to solve problems.
What are the skills of a Renaissance Man/Woman?
  • knowledge of multiple languages
  • ability to play one or more musical instruments
  • well-read in classics and poetry
  • ability to learn new things until death, no limits
  • artistic talent
  • solid knowledge of humanities--science, math, philosophy, history, music, language
Also may have additional talent as:
  • athlete
  • adventurer
  • soldier
  • inventor
the museum model


Monday Feb 1 and Wednesday Feb 3

Renaissance Art
Main Idea:  Renaissance imitated and improved upon Classical art,  It was realistic, humanistic and creative.

  • Medieval Art--flat, no perspective, religous
  • Renaissance Art---depth, perspective, religious and/or secular
    • religious or secular
    • classical references
    • perspective
    • vanishing point
    • realism
    • light and shadow
  • Leonardo da Vinci
    • Mona Lisa
    • Last Supper

  • Michelangelo
    • La Pieta
    • Sistine Chapel
  • Watch:

The Many Layers of the Mona Lisa
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling
Michelangelo's La Pieta


Vanishing Point:  

Mona Lisa:
Last Supper:
La Pieta--
Sistine Chapel--
David


Thursday, February 4


Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press


Main Idea: The invention of the printing press in Germany by Johannes Gutenberg allowed for the fast spread of ideas all over Europe. It also allowed regular people to read books and newspapers for the first time.

  • Moveable Type: invented in China, later came to Europe. One block has a raised symbol on it that can be combined with others on a frame to create a page of text. The symbol can then be reused on another page.
  • Printing Press: 1455, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, allowed for the quick spread of the written word and ideas. Without the printing press, there could have been no renaissance or reformation.
  • By 1500, there were printing presses in 250 European cities, and in just 45 years, more than 9 million books had been printed. Before, every book had to be printing by hand, one letter at a time.

Video: Gutenberg's Printing Press



Friday, Feb 5


Growth of Vernacular and Famous Writers

Main Idea:  The press allowed books to be widely read, in the vernacular.  Some of the most important were:
Writers

MME
Trade, Towns and VERNACULAR



Monday, February 8


Martin Luther Leads the Protestant Reformation
Watch Powerpoint Here
Main Idea:  New ideas about Christianity began to spread, aided by the printing press.  One Roman Catholic priest, a German named Martin Luther, objected to things the church was doing and broke away, forming the first true Protestant church.

  • Protestant:  the name given to any Christian or group of Christians who have broken away from the Roman Catholic church in protest because they disagree with its teachings.
  • Reformation:  a time when people tried to reform (improve) Christianity.
  • Problems in the Catholic Church:
    • Corruption (doing bad things) at all levels.
    • Indulgence:  a ticket or piece of paper that a person could buy that would forgive sins or excuse them from having to do penance.  Basically, a 'ticket to heaven'.
  • Martin Luther, when training to be a priest, found a Greek bible and discovered that the Catholic Jerome Bible had been changed to fit Catholic teaching.  This upset him.
  • Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses (95 disagreements with the Catholic Church) onto the church door at Wittenberg, starting the Protestant reformation.
  • Luther breaks from church, forms his own.
  • To be saved man needs only:
    • Bible (in vernacular)
    • Faith
    •  watch these video clips:

An Introduction to the Protestant Reformation
Reformation Indulgences
Recommended Viewing if you miss both lessons:  The full movie Martin Luther: The Movie

Tuesday, February 9

Other Protestant Leaders

1. John Calvin--started church that disagreed with Catholic church, and also taught predestination

  • Predestination---the belief that God has determined all human beings' fate before they existed.  
  • Why important?  US settled by Puritan Calvinists.
  • Calvinists believed that to know one was in "The Elect"--those going to heaven, one had to show success through hard work.  Protestant work ethic.  US harder on poor than many European nations.  Wealth= you are the Elect.  Poverty = you are not.
2. Henry VIII
  • King of England
  • Broke from Catholic church when pope refused to annul his marriage
  • Named himself head of the Church of England and got his divorce.
  • Not a doctrine split, just one for his own convenience.  

Wednesday, Feb 10


The Scientific Revolution

 Powerpoint here

Main Idea: In the 1500s, European scientists began to question accepted beliefs, using Muslim learning and that of the classical age to assist them. They came up with many brilliant new discoveries using the Scientific Method and new tools such as the microscope and the telescope.

Geocentric Theory--the view, held by the Catholic church, that the earth is the center of the universe and that all planets revolve in circular orbits around it.
Renaissance Scholars--begin to question, using Muslim knowledge, new tools, and new humanist beliefs
Heliocentric Theory--Copernicus. the planets revolve around the sun. This was so controversial that he did not release it until shortly before his death.
Kepler--expanded on Copernicus. planets move according to mathematical principles and move in ellipses not circles.
Galileo--believed heliocentric theories, later recanted when threatened by church. Also first good use of telescope.
Francis Bacon-English. Prove it! Scientific Method.
Rene Descartes--French. Skeptic. Same as Bacon. Prove to be true.
Isaac Newton--English. law of gravity. universe is a giant clock run by God.
New Inventions--

telescope---Leeuwenhoek
fahrenheit and celsius--mercury thermometer
William Harvey-- heart is a pump
Jenner-smallpox vaccine
Boyle--earth made up of small particles of matter, not the four elements

Videos to Watch if Gone
1. Jenner and the Smallpox Vaccine
2. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and the Microscope
3. Galileo's Telescope
4. Galileo: A Short Biography


Thursday, Feb 11

                            Exploration

 Powerpoint HERE

Hard Copy of T-Notes
Age of Exploration—Morris


Yellow Words Vocabulary                                                        Red Explanations


Humanism                                                             encouraged Europeans to do great things
Crusades                                                               encouraged exploration
                                                                             Caused a rebirth in trade with Middle East



Africa and Asia                                                   Many new foods and spices—nutmeg, ginger,                                                                                          cinnamon, and pepper gave taste to bland                                                                                                 European foods




Italian Merchants                                               controlled trade with the east


Europeans                                                           wanted to eliminate Italians and Muslims and                                                                                          trade directly
                                                                         Needed a sea route to Asia
                                                                         Wanted to spread Christianity


Problem                                                           no ship that could sail into the wind
                                                                        3,000-mile voyage

Caravel                                                              invented 1400s
                                                                           Triangle sails, could sail into the wind


Bartolomeu Dias                                              first to sail around bottom of Africa


Astrolabe                                                       allowed sailors to measure latitude using stars


Portugal                                                          first great exploring nation


Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal)             sailing school for exploration


Portugal                                                           settled west coast of Africa


Christopher Columbus                                      sailed west to find passage to Asia and India                                                                                            but found Caribbean Islands instead 1492



Vasco de Gama                                                  reached India 1498
                                                                           27,000-mile voyage made him a hero


Treaty of Tordesillas 1493                                divided all of earth in two between Spain and                                                                                            Portugal
                                                                         Eastern products flooded European markets



Ferdinand Magellan 1521                                 claimed the Philippines for Spain, sailed
                                                                          around world


Holland                                                            colonized East Indies and South Africa East                                                                                                India Co.


By 1600 most of N, Central and South America had been claimed

Cortez                                                                                   Mexico 1519-1521




Videos: Watch if gone: These are all very short. The longest is five minutes.
1. How to Tack a Sailboat
2. Dias's Caravel
3. Dias's Journey Around the Cape of Good Hope
4. How to Use an Astrolabe
5. Prince Henry the Navigator

Renaissance and Reformation Study Guide
Morris 2016

1.        Map:  Be able to label Germany, Italy, Spain, England and France.
2.       Renaissance began in __________ and ended in ______________.
3.       Renaissance means ________________.  What cultures were rediscovered in the Renaissance?
4.       Give two reasons for the Renaissance.
5.       Where did the Renaissance start and why?
6.       Describe an Italian city-state.  How did the wealthy city-states compete against each other?
7.       What is the role of a patron?  Why were patrons important in the Renaissance?
8.       The birthplace of the Renaissance was the city of ______________.  The patron family of this city was the ________________family.
9.       Explain how Europe became more secular and more humanist in the Renaissance.
10.   What is secular?  What is humanism?
11.   Rome became an even more important cultural center after the Eastern Roman capital of ______________ fell to the _______________.
12.   Give four qualities of a Renaissance Man/Woman.
13.   Who was the ideal Renaissance Man of the Renaissance?  Why do you think so?
14.   Compare and contrast Medieval art with Renaissance Art.  Use terms like flat, dimensional, perspective, vanishing point, religious, secular, realistic, and classical.
15.   Be able to identify the following great works of art and say who did each:  Mona Lisa, La Pieta, Last Supper, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, David. 
16.   Who invented the printing press and how did it work?
17.   Why was the printing press such an important invention in the Renaissance?
18.   Why were more books written in the vernacular during the Renaissance?
19.   How did the printing press help Martin Luther?
20.   What is movable type?
21.   Why did Martin Luther object to the Catholic church?
22.   What is an indulgence and why did the church sell indulgences?
23.   Martin Luther believed man needed only ____________ and the ____________ to be saved.
24.   Luther translated the Bible into the ____________ vernacular.
25.   Who was John Calvin?
26.   Explain his theory of predestination. 
27.   How did this theory affect American culture?
28.   Who was Henry VIII and why did he break from the Catholic church?
29.   Three reasons why Europeans became very interested in science during the late Renaissance.
30.   What was the role of Muslims in the new discoveries?
31.   What are the geocentric and heliocentric theories?
32.   Who came up with the heliocentric theory originally?  Why didn’t he share his learning?
33.   Why did Galileo get in trouble for the heliocentric theory?  What was his punishment?
34.   Isaac Newton is known for _________
35.   Leewenhoek is known for________________
36.   Harvey is known for ______________
37.   Jenner is known for ______________
38.   Fahenheit and Celsius are known for ______________.
39.   Why did many European nations want to explore the world?
40.   What prevented ships from making long voyages and  what invention solved this problem?
41.   What is the importance of the astrolabe?
42.   What trade items did Europeans want from other lands?
43.   The two main exploring nations were ____________ and _____________.
44.   What did Prince Henry the Navigator create and why?
45.   What did Bartolomeu Diaz do first?
46.   What did Vasco da Game do first?
47.   What did Magellan do?
48.   What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and who did it favor?  How did it?
49.   How did explorers treat those they encountered?
50.   What was Columbus searching for when he “discovered” America?

51.   Where did Cortez conquer?  What helped him to do so?

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